![]() The dispute concerned the mostįundamental philosophical issue of them all: whether life is worth living. His doctoral thesis was titled The Spirit of the Phenomenology: Hegel's Resurrection of Metaphysics in the Phnomenologie des Geistes. The pessimism dispute of the second half of the century has been largely ignored in secondary literature and this book is a first attempt since the 1880s to re-examine it and to analyze the important philosophical issues raised by it. Beiser earned his Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) degree in philosophy from Wolfson College, Oxford, in 1980, under the direction of Charles Taylor and Isaiah Berlin. ![]() He examines the major defenders of pessimism (Philipp Mainlander, Eduard von Hartmann and Julius Bahnsen) and its chief critics, especially Eugen Duhring and the neo-Kantians. Beiser examines the intense and long controversy that arose from Schopenhauer's pessimism, which changed the agenda of philosophy in Germany away from the logic of the sciences and toward an examination of the value of life. This theory was introduced into German philosophy by Schopenhauer, whose philosophy became very fashionable in the 1860s. ![]() Pessimism was essentially the theory that life is not worth living. Fred Beiser has been a major contributor to work on the history of modern philosophy, especially the history of German philosophy (Kant and German idealism). Weltschmerz is a study of the pessimism that dominated German philosophy in the second half of the nineteenth century. ![]()
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